Opinion by Karen Cohen
Vietnam, known for its vast untapped rare earth resources, is ramping up its efforts to expand mining activities in this sector. The potential economic benefits are undeniable, with billions in profits expected for both energy companies and government-connected oligarchs. However, amidst these promises, questions arise concerning the environmental impact of rare earth mining and whether governments are truly prioritizing sustainability or merely engaging in green-washing.
Vietnam’s Rare Earth Potential:
Vietnam has joined the ranks of China, Russia, and Brazil as one of the world’s leading countries in terms of untapped rare earth resources. According to the U.S. Geological Survey’s Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2023, Vietnam boasts a staggering 22,000,000 metric tons of rare earth reserves. Furthermore, a plan signed by Deputy Prime Minister Tran Hong Ha reveals Vietnam’s goal to mine two million metric tons of rare earths annually by 2030 (Tuoi Tre).
Environmental Concerns:
The negative environmental impact of rare earth mining is well-documented, and it is vital to discern whether governments truly prioritize sustainable practices in their pursuit of profits. China serves as a cautionary tale, with its rare earth industry causing severe damage to the ecological environment, including the destruction of vegetation, pollution of surface water, groundwater, and farmland, and even landslides and clogged rivers (China’s State Council).
The Danger of Toxic Waste:
Both the mining and processing of rare earths contribute to mountains of toxic waste, leading to significant environmental and health hazards. For every ton of rare earth produced, staggering amounts of waste are generated, including 13 kg of dust, 9,600-12,000 cubic meters of waste gas, 75 cubic meters of wastewater, and one ton of radioactive residue. Rare earth ores often contain radioactive thorium and uranium, resulting in particularly detrimental health effects. In total, the production of a single ton of rare earth results in a staggering 2,000 tons of toxic waste (U.S. Geological Survey’s Mineral Commodity Summaries).
The Dirty Business of Processing:
Processing rare earths is a notoriously dirty business, involving the use of large amounts of carcinogenic toxins such as sulphates, ammonia, and hydrochloric acid. Separating rare earths from radioactive materials like thorium requires immense quantities of these hazardous substances. Consequently, for every ton of rare earth processed, an alarming 2,000 tons of toxic waste is produced. Baotou, a city in China known for its rare earth industry, generates an astounding 10 million tons of wastewater annually, further exacerbating the environmental toll (The Guardian).
As Vietnam seeks to expand its rare earth mining industry, it is crucial to consider the potential consequences carefully. While the economic benefits may be promising, governments must display a sincere commitment to transparent and responsible practices. The exploitation of these resources should not come at the cost of irreversible damage to both the environment and the health of individuals residing near the mining sites. Only through stringent regulations, sustainable mining methods, and the adoption of cleaner processing technologies can Vietnam harness its rare earth potential without green-washing the environmental impact. It is high time that governments and corporations prioritize the well-being of citizens and the preservation of the planet over short-term profits.
